Spots:全台第一碑沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等


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全台第一碑沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等 moved to Spots:全台第一碑沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等

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全台第一碑沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等


  「澎湖天后宮」有四百年以上歷史,堪稱台灣最古老的廟宇,而其保存的「沈有容諭退紅毛番韋麻郎等」石碑的歷史地位也不遑多讓,因為它是目前在台灣發掘出土的石碑中「年齡最大的石碑」。

  有關「沈碑」的種種,在縣政府文化局所出版的老古石季刊第九期,由日人中村孝志著許賢瑤譯的「關於沈有容諭退紅毛番碑」一文中,有詳盡的介紹。「沈碑」背後的事蹟是發生在西元一六0四年,當年荷蘭是繼葡萄牙等國之後,歐洲新興的海上強權,極力想在亞洲拓展勢力、加強貿易,而當時首要的對象就是中國,偏偏中國在那個年代實施海禁,禁止人民下海與外國人進行貿易,所以就發生了荷蘭人想透過一切可能的手段打開與中國直接貿易的門戶,而在中國方面則是想用盡所有的方法來阻止貿易的發生並保持中國領土的完整。關於這段歷史,我們現在從當年雙方留下的史料作比對,就會發現其中的趣味。

  荷蘭方面的記載:荷方想透過會講中國官話、會寫信的「商人」帶著禮物,與中國締結友好的關係,開展貿易;至於到澎湖的原因則是因為在海上遇到暴風,為了避險才來到此地的;到澎湖後,則又是為了等候前去中國遊說的那些「商人」的回音才留下的。

  中國方面,《明史》有這麼一段記載:『海澄人李錦及「奸商」潘秀、郭震久居大泥,與荷蘭人習。語及中國事,錦曰:「若欲適貢市,若無漳州者。漳南有彭湖嶼,去海遠,誠奪而守之,貢市不難成也。」其酋麻韋郎(按:韋麻郎)曰:「守臣不許,奈何?」曰:「稅使高寀嗜金銀甚,若厚賄之,彼特疏上聞,天子必報可,守臣敢抗旨哉。」酋曰:「善。」…』。譯成白話的大意是說:有中國籍的「奸商」李錦、潘秀等人,由於長期居住在大泥,與荷蘭人相熟識。說到有關中國的事時,李錦說:「如果想要與中國通商互市,那沒有比漳州更適合了。在漳州的南方有澎湖島嶼,離此地尚遠,如果能奪取為根據地,則通商互市不難成真」。韋麻郎則稱:「如果守將不允許,怎麼辦呢?」李錦接著說:「掌管關稅的官員高寀嗜錢如命,如果用大量的金錢賄賂他,他可以用特殊的管道上書皇帝,皇帝一定會准許,到時後守將敢違抗皇帝的旨意嗎?」韋麻郎乃答應行賄並位佔澎湖。

  一段歷史,卻因雙方的立場不同,記載也就南轅北轍,一邊稱:「能說會寫的『商人』」一邊則謂:『奸商』;一方說是:「因為在海上遇到暴風,才將船駛往澎湖避難,然後又為了等待去中國遊說通商的『商人』的回音,所以只好留在澎湖。」另一方則主觀的認為:「荷蘭人是受到『奸商』蠱惑和慫恿,才強行佔據澎湖,並滯留不走,挑戰中國的政權於領土的完整。」

  接下來的這一段更是各異其趣:明朝政府自荷蘭人據澎後,三令五申的拒絕荷蘭人通商的要求,並希望荷蘭人儘速撤離澎湖,但是荷蘭人卻始終未有撤離澎湖的跡象。最後,明朝政府只得令浯嶼都司沈有容率五十艘「戎克船」近逼澎湖與荷蘭人談判後,荷蘭人才悻悻然的離開。

  這段歷史,其雙方的文獻記載又是大異其趣;「…有容負膽智,大聲論說,酋心折,乃曰:『我從不聞此言。』其下人露刃相詰,有容無所懾,盛氣與辦,由酋乃悔悟…。」大意是說:「…沈有容非常的有膽識與智略,到澎湖後即隻身上岸與荷蘭人大聲地道情說理,韋麻郎很是折服,並說:『將軍所說的話,我從來沒有聽過。』韋麻郎的部屬們亮出武器並且出言不遜,但沈有容卻毫無懼怕,仍盛氣凌人的與之辯駁,韋麻郎於是非常的懊惱…。」中方歷史強調的是:沈有容膽智兼具,深入番穴,並舌戰群番。最後,荷蘭人折服、撤出澎湖。

  在荷蘭方面的書籍中記載:「韋麻郎中止交涉之故,乃因無望自中國方面取得通商之確切答覆。同時,身為都司之官吏率了五十艘戎克船前來威嚇荷蘭人。韋麻郎眼看形勢不利…不得已而離去。」荷方主要述說:要求與中國通商的目的無進展,中國的都司又帶來大批船前來威赫(按:韋麻郎入據澎湖時是率三艘荷艦,規模大略每船含兵員與船員約一百人,合三船約為三百人,估計至多在四百至五百人之間,而「戎克船」如果比照明汛兵用的「鳥船」每艘載四十兵員計,五十艘共計二千人。)只好離去再作後圖。

  一個強調「膽智兼具,折服敵人,諭退敵人」,一個是淡淡的述說:通商無望又受大批軍隊的威赫,不得已而放棄離開。這就是「歷史的弔詭」|各說各話,那一方講的才是真話呢?

  在「沈碑」尚未出土前(「沈碑」在西元一九一九年,民國八年,大正八年「天后宮」重修時從祭壇下出土),原本最古老的石碑是存立於澎湖馬公的「靖台碑」以及存立於台南市的天后宮的「靖海將軍侯施公功德碑」,這兩方石碑都是施琅將軍於康熙二十二年(西元一六八三年)在澎湖海戰打敗明鄭固守澎湖的劉國軒,將台灣收入清朝的版圖後,為了紀念自己的「豐功偉績」所刻立的,所以時間上當在西元一六八三年以後。

  「沈碑」的事蹟發生在西元一六0四年,理論上應該是沈有容本人或明朝廷為紀念或表彰沈有容,所立的,應該不可能如《福爾摩沙十七世紀的台灣,荷蘭與東亞》一書所稱:「…可能是清朝統治初期緬懷前朝有功官吏而立。」中村教授在《關於沈有容諭退紅毛番碑》一文中也提到:「…清朝實無由表彰明末之武人沈有容之功績…」事實上,歷史告訴我們新的朝代產生的初期,常因害怕百姓去思念前朝、緬懷前朝,造成統治的危機,所以常常有一些打壓、甚至完全抹殺的舉動(以前改朝換代時常會將舊皇宮燒掉重建,或乾脆更換京城位置,重新蓋新的宮殿,就是這個道理),以防止百姓緬懷過去,影響統治基礎的穩固。

  所以我們可以合理的推估,「沈碑」應在西元一六0四年以後,短期之內完成立碑的行動,與西元一六八三年後施琅為自己所立的「靖台碑」和「功德碑」足足早上七、八十年,足堪稱為「台灣第一古碑」。


資料來源:澎湖時報 2006/07/19