Spots:風櫃尾荷蘭城堡 全臺最早完成之西式城堡
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風櫃尾荷蘭城堡 全臺最早完成之西式城堡
風櫃尾荷蘭城堡，明天啟二年（西元一六二二年）由荷蘭人所興建，為全臺最早完成之西式城堡，位於馬公風櫃尾所突出的小半島上，俗稱「蛇頭山」，與馬公半島共同扼守馬公灣，具有相當重要的戰略地位，頗具文化、歷史價值。
自西元十六世紀初，西方海權國家勢力東漸以後，荷蘭人佔領東印度群島，設立東印度公司，派兵貿易，想和中國沿海「互市」，但因和朝庭沒有外交關係，因而覬覦澎湖，由荷蘭艦隊司令官雷爾生於明熹宗天啟二年（西元一六二二年）率領軍艦十二艘，兵一０二四人，於七月十一日清晨侵入媽宮港，登陸風櫃尾，居民反抗被殺三十六人，八月勘察地理形勢後，奴役澎民數千，自海中取石建築風櫃尾、紅木袁、瓦硐等三處紅毛城，迄今僅存「風櫃尾荷蘭城堡」尚有殘蹟可供查考，餘已不復見、且無跡可尋。
依據西元一六二三年所繪「澎湖港口圖」及史料記載，「風櫃尾荷蘭城堡」為典型的歐洲小型城堡，平面呈正方形，長、寬個為五十五公尺左右，城牆高約七公尺，其四角正對著、東、南、西、北四個方位，該堡係以土壟圍繞四周，上鋪草皮，以做為掩體，西南面的城垣因鄰接風櫃半島，其外側以石料及石灰築成，土垣之外為一道乾壕溝，其餘的三面臨接海洋，土垣的外側以木板圍成，木料來自日本、巴達維與及廢船。在城堡的四個角上各有一往外突出的稜堡，分稱東、南、西、北稜堡，在上述稜堡上共安置二十九門大砲。
明天啟四年（西元一六二四年）正月，南居益決心驅除荷蘭人，派遊擊王夢熊至澎，築鎮海城為前哨。又派總兵俞咨率領俞應龍、孫國禎等攻澎。南居益增兵於海中接應。六月十五日明軍會師進攻，荷軍抵抗失利。戰爭激烈，燬風櫃尾荷軍砲樓、荷軍投降、協商條件，荷軍必順拆除紅毛城，准許退回臺南。
清康熙二十二年（西元一六八三年），傳清將施琅將攻澎，明鄭將領劉國軒赴澎整修包括該堡在內之十二座砲臺。
臺灣、澎湖入清以後，該堡似繼續被做為砲臺使用，齊康熙五十六年（西元一七一七年）曾加以整修，並增設墩臺一座，營房數棟，持續至清末。
清光緒十年（西元一八八四年）一月，因中法之間戰雲密布，劉璈緊急整修該砲臺及西嶼砲臺，翌年三月，法軍攻擊臺北失利，將軍艦調往澎湖，二十九日七時艦隊航入澎湖灣，該砲臺曾發砲攻擊，約八時許守軍即宣告棄守。
清光緒二十一年（西元一八九五年，己乙末，日本伊東福亨中將、進攻澎湖，三日佔據澎湖，該堡似乎一直充做砲臺（或稱砲陣地）之用，迄民國三十四年（西元一九四五年）臺灣光復後，該堡即任其荒廢，未再做砲臺使用。
資料來源：澎湖時報 2006/08/13
