Spots:海堤?炮台?城牆?民家?廟宇?19821108
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海堤?炮台?城牆?民家?廟宇?
古誌記載虎井沉城言之鑿鑿 研判採回樣本專家不敢斷言
本報記者 陳長華
『虎井嶼前有沈城，風狂浪湧無影形。秋水澄澈波淵渟，漁人下視見星星，女牆雉堞高伶俜』
舊詩描述的澎湖「虎井沈城」，經潛水專家實地探勘，初步發現是一道玄武岩殘壁。這一道岩壁是海堤？是炮台？是城牆？是民家？是廟宇？還是如傳說中的「城市」？專家看到採集的標本石塊，仍然不敢下斷言。
林朝棨教授說，澎湖盛產玄武岩。玄武岩呈柱狀、方形、六面形或板狀等節理，這些結構很容易被誤以為是「建築物」。如果拿玄武岩砌城牆，因為地震而倒塌入海也不無可能，只是時間應在南宋以前，否則歷史會有記載。
林朝棨認為：除非在同址找到人造的武器、碗盤等遺物對照研究，否則很難認定該岩壁是「沈城」。「宋史」記載：『在泉州之東，有海島曰澎湖，煙火相望。』南宋孝宗時候，澎湖已有漢人居住。元朝時，澎湖居民半耕半漁，而且有商販往來，該地隸屬泉州晉江縣，並置官設治。明朝初年，朝廷以倭寇和海盜為患，會一度放棄澎湖。
澎湖在清朝隸台灣府台灣縣，共有六十二個島澳，星羅棋布，有的一水相隔，有的毗連比屋，陸路可通。傳說有沈城的「虎井嶼」是當中的一個島嶼。
根據清光緒十九年編修的「澎湖廳志」記載：『虎井嶼東南港中沉一小城，周圍可數十丈，磚石紅色。每當秋水澄鮮，漁人俯視波底，堅垣壁立，雉堞隱隱可數。有善水者，沒入海底，移時或立城堞上，或近城趁魚蝦之屬。言之鑿鑿，但不知何時沉沒。』專家以為，明朝以後，為對付倭寇入侵，澎湖有設防；萬曆三十二年六月間(西元一六○○年)荷蘭人入侵，在各主要島嶼的據點設有炮台，虎井嶼的海底岩壁，是不是當年的炮台遺體？並非完全不可能。
荷蘭人東侵，為了抵抗萄萄牙和西班牙的阻止，於一六○二年促成國內的船業組成「聯合東印度公司」，由國家授權，在海上擴展商權。明朝天啟二年(西元一六二二年)，荷蘭聯合東印度公司率兵艦攻打澎湖。常年八月，在澎湖建造砲城。
概據荷蘭人「巴達維亞城日記」的記載：當時他們在澎湖建了四個稜堡，有「四方一百八十呎」。最初因為缺乏燃料，沒有辦法燒製石灰，只好用土壤和粘土，動員率船隊的人員，草率完成，不到一個月，就被風雨沖壞了。後來，他們從福建沿海俘虜中國漁民充當奴工，再從日本、巴達維亞(印尼雅加達)等地輸入建材，同時也將廢船解體，利用廢船的鐵材，鞏固城牆。荷人為了防止砲城崩潰，還用澎湖產的玄武岩配合和石灰，製造一道堤防。
荷蘭人在澎湖築砲城，位在馬公島的西南四座稜堡的四周並以木板和石架圍住。據荷蘭在明天啟二年所畫的澎湖地圖，只有標列三座稜堡，另一座是不是在虎井嶼呢？至今是疑問。如果屬實，潛水專家取出的岩塊是不是當年砲台的建材呢？又有待考證。另外鄭成功時代，在澎湖也設有砲台。
也有人認為，虎井嶼海底的岩壁是舊日堤防，為了保議砲城，澎湖有「巨浪排空勢若翻」之說，築堤防浪，也是理所當然。
林朝棨教授認為，澎湖地形相當複雜，是典型的下降海岸。千年累積的海水面上升加上地層下沈，近岸的建築物沈入海底也有可能。
「虎井沈城」的傳說，有近兩百年了。連雅堂編纂的「台灣通史」，指出「沈城」位在「虎井嶼東南」，推測是「隋代所建」，並說『漁者常得其磚，色紅若堅鐵，似千數百年物』；但是他也不敢論定，認為「文獻無徵」。
在專家還沒有可信的證據之前，「虎井沈城」將維持傳說。詩人筆下的『寂寞山河沈舊恨，屏藩海國值時清。難尋危堞千層砌，猶見頹垣一片傾，我欲燃犀來照取，驪龍頷下採晶瑩。』
這個謎，這個浪漫的傳說，何時揭曉呢？
資料來源：【1982-11-08/聯合報/03版/】
