Spots:《澎荷400年》澎湖天后宮 邁入全球化地標 歐人東來啟新頁 扁率全台媽祖廟代表參拜 為初會活動拉開序幕20041122


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《澎荷400年》澎湖天后宮 邁入全球化地標 歐人東來啟新頁 扁率全台媽祖廟代表參拜 為初會活動拉開序幕


【李月華】

  17世紀是人類歷史上一個重要轉折時期,資本主義在荷蘭人反抗西班牙統治的戰爭歲月中發軔,從宗教和王權的束縛中解放出來的荷蘭新興商業資本,追隨葡萄牙、西班牙人的海外擴張腳步,在亞洲建立了從印尼到日本的商業王國。

  在此之前,隨著人類進入大航海時代的第一波全球化浪潮,葡萄牙人、西班牙人東來,中國人、日本人和歐洲商人之間開始出現互動,這種互動又因為後來居上的荷蘭人加入而愈演愈烈,最後在東亞形成以台灣、福建和日本九州為核心的三邊貿易,由此開啟了台灣近代的歷史。如果沒有歐洲人的東來,台灣可能在17世紀以後相當長時期仍是中國海盜或日本倭寇逃避追捕的避難地,漢人要更晚許久才能大批移民台灣。因此,探討台灣近代歷史的緣起,就不能不從歐洲人東來說起。

  西元1604年(明神宗萬曆32年)8月7日(農曆7月12日),荷蘭東印度公司司令韋麻郎(Wybrandt van Waerwijck)率領船隊登陸澎湖,他們所看到的第一座東方教堂(廟宇),就是澎湖天后宮(當時稱為「娘媽宮」)。因此,澎湖天后宮堪稱台灣邁入全球化歷史開端的重要地標。為紀念這段歷史,「澎荷初會400周年」紀念活動也以陳水扁總統率同全國古蹟媽祖廟代表參拜天后宮拉開序幕。

  澎湖天后宮是台澎地區最古老的媽祖廟,也是內政部指定的國家一級古蹟,其歷史意涵,不僅在於年代久遠,更重要的是這座廟宇見證了17世紀大航海時代台灣與荷蘭的首波接觸。

  澎湖縣馬公市古稱「媽宮」,其地名的由來,正是因為位在媽宮灣上的「天妃宮(即媽祖宮)」。媽祖宮何時在澎湖建立?最保守估計指出,早在明萬曆32年(西元1604年)前,澎湖媽祖宮就已經存在了。媽宮建城,則遲至清光緒13年(西元1887年),媽宮成為整個澎湖的行政、軍事、經濟中心。

  早期台灣媽祖多自大陸分靈而來,一般信徒都以為台灣媽祖全是分靈自湄洲,其實並不然。依分靈地點來區分,主要有分靈自湄洲嶼朝天閣的「湄洲媽」、分靈自同安地區的「同安媽」、分靈自泉州地區的「溫陵媽」、分靈自長汀地區的「汀洲媽」、以及分靈自興化地區的「興化媽」等。

  1895年日本佔領台灣之後,兩岸交通斷絕,台灣新建的媽祖廟只能前往本島歷史較悠久的媽祖廟恭迎分身供奉,其中分靈最多的,當屬北港朝天宮,其次如鹿港天后宮、笨港港口宮、安平天后宮、鹿耳門天后宮、新港奉天宮、淡水關渡宮等,也有不少分靈廟宇。

  來台多年,媽祖早已成為地方的保護神,更有在地化的稱謂,如北港媽、大甲媽、甘豆媽、鹿港媽、新港媽、旱溪媽、南屯媽、笨港媽、內媽祖、外媽祖等,象徵媽祖信仰的在地化。

  媽祖原是中國東南沿海和台灣地區普遍的民間信仰,但由於目前中國大陸奉行共產主義的唯物史觀,基本上就是無神論,文化大革命期間又實行「破四舊」,對宗教信仰、廟宇文物大肆破壞,因此,如今台灣已成為媽祖信仰的中心。


資料來源:[中時晚報] 2004/11/22